Vital to Every Side

Unsung Heroes

Women were not allowed to fight by the British or the rebels during the American Revolution, though a few did anyway, and several in North Carolina fought back when their homes were attacked. Native Americans were more tolerant of female warriors, and some Cherokee women participated in open battle. Many women, on all sides, showed extraordinary courage in the face of opposing forces. This included passing information to their own. For instance, Sallie Salter spied for Patriot militia, leading to victory at the Battle of Elizabethtown.

Both Loyalist and Patriot women accompanied armies, providing not only domestic services but caring for horses and livestock, repairing uniforms and equipment, and nursing wounded soldiers. (See the “Camp Followers” tab on our Army Camps page.) Neutral Moravian women withstood abuses from both sides with dignity, while feeding and nursing all who needed it. Quaker women took care of hundreds of wounded soldiers from both sides after the Battle of Guilford Court House.

Often overlooked is that women played vital roles in sustaining the war effort. When the Continental Congress banned imports of English goods including cloth, women responded by creating more “homespun,” spinning threads and weaving fabric. With Patriot and Loyalist men serving in the military, their wives ran the family businesses. These included not only farms, but grain mills, sawmills, shops, taverns, and import-export firms. The majority of farmers could not afford slaves, so during growing season wives and older daughters helped with all aspects of raising, harvesting, and selling crops. In winter, women helped repair farm equipment. Year round they cared for livestock. The language in letters from women to their soldiers began to shift to talking about “our” farm or business, and even had some questions about what things would be like when the man came back![1]

Many of these women provided the food armies marched on and clothing they wore, along with other supplies. Grace McDowell helped her husband make gunpowder.

Jennie “Bahn” McNeill, who did not take sides in the war, ran cattle drives on her own. Unmarried adult woman (not just widows) could own property, enter legal agreements, and sue. Both Martha Bell and Elizabeth Steele owned their businesses, and Steel’s first husband extended credit to nine women. However, if women married, their property became their new husbands’.

Enslaved women not only managed their own homes, to the degree slaves were allowed to, but were forced to do field work or care for slaveowners’ homes and children, too. Their stolen labor was critical to providing supplies and services to the Patriot cause, and many who escaped to British-held territory provided the same vital support to Redcoat forces. Like their European-American counterparts, Cherokee women provided domestic and farming services, and helped rebuild or relocate entire towns destroyed by Patriot campaigns.

This website includes many women’s stories, when a related location is known and can be visited. Unfortunately, thousands more are lost, in part because men wrote the early histories. Yet the contributions of women were critical to every side seeking freedom during the Revolutionary War: Patriots, Loyalists, neutrals, Cherokees, and the enslaved.

More Information

• Ashe, Samuel A. (Samuel A’Court), History of North Carolina (Greensboro, NC: C.L. Van Noppen, 1908) <http://archive.org/details/historyofnorthca01ashe> [accessed 28 May 2021]
• Barefoot, Daniel, Touring North Carolina’s Revolutionary War Sites (Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1998)
• Blumenthal, Walter Hart, Women Camp Followers of the American Revolution (Philadelphia, Pa.: George S. McManus Company, 1952)
• Caruthers, E. W., Revolutionary Incidents and Sketches of Character, Chiefly in the ‘Old North State’ (Philadelphia, Hayes & Zell, 1854) <http://archive.org/details/revolutionaryinc00caru> [accessed 17 April 2020]
• Caruthers, Eli Washington, Interesting Revolutionary Incidents and Sketches of Character, Chiefly in the ‘Old North State.’ (Philadelphia : Hayes & Zell, 1856) <http://archive.org/details/interestingrevol00incaru> [accessed 23 April 2020]
• Conner, R. D. W., North Carolina: Rebuilding an Ancient Commonwealth, 1584-1925 (New York, NY: The American Historical Society, Inc., 1929)
• Dunkerly, Robert, Women of the Revolution: Bravery and Sacrifice on the Southern Battlefields (Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, 2007) <https://www.hoopladigital.com/title/12305023> [accessed 1 April 2022]
• Dunmore III, Lawrence, Susannah Haury, and Arwin D. Smallwood, ‘The Experiences of Marginalized Communities: How They Would Have Internalized the Ideas and Issues of the Time and How They Would Have Interacted with the Delegates at the Congress’, Third Provincial Congress, 1775-2025: Transforming Visions of Freedom into Reality, Hillsborough, N.C., 6 September 2025.
• DuVal, Kathleen, ‘First in Freedom: North Carolina’s Third Provincial Congress and American Independence’, Third Provincial Congress, 1775-2025: Transforming Visions of Freedom into Reality, Hillsborough, N.C., 6 September 2025.
• Ellet, E. F. (Elizabeth Fries), The Women of the American Revolution (New York : Baker and Scribner, 1850) <http://archive.org/details/womenofamerican00elle> [accessed 26 March 2025]
• MacLeod, Mrs. John Blount and others, Seventy-Five Years of Service: History of the National Society Daughters of American Revolution of North Carolina (New Bern, NC: Owen G. Dunn Co., 1975)
• Moore, John W. (John Wheeler), History of North Carolina: From the Earliest Discoveries to the Present Time (Raleigh, N.C.: Alfred Williams & Co., Publishers, 1880) <http://archive.org/details/historyofnorthca01moor> [accessed 9 July 2021]
• Mozingo, Kimberly, Amid Hostilities and Destruction: North Carolina Women and Their Impact on the American Revolution (Greensboro, NC: UNC-Greensboro, 2012), p. 45
• Powell, William, North Carolina: A History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988)
• The North Carolina Booklet (Raleigh, N.C.: E.M. Uzzell & Co., Printers and Binders, 1904)
• Williamson, Hugh, The History of North Carolina (Philadelphia : Thomas Dobson, 1812), ii <http://archive.org/details/historyofnorthca02will> [accessed 28 June 2021]